When You Shouldn't Take the Job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

When You Shouldn't Take the Job - Essay Example It is a tricky position she is in because she would not have to pay them back for the costs they incurred, and she would have secured herself a job. Still, it looks like coercion. Moving is a not an easy thing too. There are more challenges for the young lady than there are for the company. For example, if the girl agrees to the terms the company has set forth for her, then it will have to incur the travel costs and pay for her accommodation in the hotel. Still, it would be profitable in the long run since she will be rendering her services to the firm. For the young woman, however, there is more to lose than there is to gain. The company has her in a dilemma, and her thoughts that she is being coerced are justified. For example, if she does not agree to relocate, she will have to reimburse the company for the cost they incurred paying for her flight and the hotel accommodation. The young woman is unemployed so far and asking that she repays the money is more likely to be a coercive way of telling her that she has to take the job. Since she may have no money to reimburse the company, which could have gotten her an expensive ticket and hotel, she would have no choice but to take the job. If she takes the job, she will have much moving to do and have to leave her social ties and her friends and neighbors from where she lives. Also, she will have to go through all the hassles involved in moving and then slowly make new friends from her new neighborhood. While it is a good thing to have secured herself a job in the company, the terms the company has placed on the opportunity are selfish. It shows the company is willing to use any coercion to have people work there. That is already a red flag as such a company is likely to have other forms of oppression to those people who already work there in a bid to keep them working.

Discuss the difference between leadership and management in nursing an Essay

Discuss the difference between leadership and management in nursing an prioritizing and managing client care - Essay Example ts essence involves gathering people from different domains and motivating them to achieve organizational goals through knowledge sharing and expertise. Specifically, a leader is one who lends a helping hand to those who are not able to realize their potential and go for their aims. In nursing, while the staff nurse is the leader to entry level nurses, the latter are leaders to ultimate clients. Management takes on a more individualized form when nursing is talked of. This is so because in nursing, client care is to be accomplished which is the duty of every single nurse and as such, nurses are required to have the competencies of time management, communication skills and other management skills of planning, organizing and others. In this essence, management in nursing involves judicious and critical use of scare resources optimally for the benefit of the client and the organization. Leadership and management are used synonymously most of the times. However, the two carry different meanings in nursing parlance. In terms of client care management, entry level nurses are equipped with expertise, experience and knowledge which provide guidelines for them to act as client care managers. On the other hand, awareness of organizational policies, protocols and regulations encourage in them the personality of a leader whereby they are able to direct their followers and align their individual goals with that of organizational goals. During entry level, nurses are required to take care of the clients directly through observations and careful usage of the available resources. They have to manage the aspects if time, shifts, materials, supervision and services for clients which are not commanded as in case of passive nursing (Richardson et al. 2007). Thus, they act in the role of decision makers for cost effective use of resources without feeling overburdened and not letting the client feel unobserved. This demonstrates the management skills adopted by nurses in delivering

Driving Forces Of Change In Textile Industries Commerce Essay

Driving Forces Of Change In Textile Industries Commerce Essay This project is given us as final assignment in strategic management class the topic is The driving forces those forcing to change the textile industry of Pakistan the Pakistan is agriculture base country and the textile is the back bone of Pakistan economy. The purpose of doing such types of assignment is to getting the practical exposure of industries the implantation of knowledge and also familiar with the challenges and issues which currently the industries is facing. Driving forces play an importance role for the development of economy and for the growth of industries.Through this project assignment we are all familiar with the industries knowledge and experiences and get the depth knowledge of industries and the issues,challenges, problem, norms and value of the industry.During our project we also found that Textile industry of Pakistan is facing several problems due to political and economic environment. Currently interest rate of country is very high which has increased cost of production and makes it difficult for the industry to become cost competitive in the global market. A part interest rate problem, Production of the industry is very disturbed due to power shortage and law and order situation of the country. This assignment is providing the knowledge of industry and how to solve such issues challenges and problem and how to get the competitive advantage and how to compete rivalryand how to cope up with these changes and how to develop the directions of industries in particular situations and how sustainable in these changes which is due to the driving forces of industries. Chapter 02: Literature Review: Background: Research Statement: The driving forces those are forcing to change the textile industry in Pakistan Research Objective: Our research objective is following To identify the link between the driving forces and textile industries To explore the impact of driving forces on textile industries To identify the different driving forces prevailing in the Pakistan economy To find out the solutions for driving forces To find out the reason of driving forces Limitation of Research: Our research is limited in Pakistan country only and in the textile industry and the driving force whose impact on textile the research is conducted through the data analyzing. Scope of Research: The research is conduct only in Pakistan and the research cover the driving forces which is prevailing in Pakistan economy and those who impact the textile industry only. Methods of Research: The method for the research we use the data which is taken from different source and then we analyze the data through the study and through the statically tools research method is most depend upon the data that we gather from different sources and though the online collection of data and implementation. Data Gathering: The data for this topic is gathering from employee who is currently working in textile industry and from the Pakistan textile journals, different authors articles, textile mills websites, government official ministry of textile website, all Pakistan association of textile mills, Google documents, researches etc. Variables: Variable for this research is below Textile industries of Pakistan Driving forces in Pakistan Hypothesis: If driving forces is their will it impact the textile industries. If driving forces vanished what will effect on textile industries. If driving forces aretheir will effect and how much it effect the industry. Driving Forces: The driving forces are the key internal forces micro environment (such as knowledge competences workforce of management and macroenvironment as well (such as economy competition technology) that shape the future of the organization Change in industries is due to the driving forces is participants and driving forces is major cause to bring change in industries competitive condition driving forces are emerge from internal and external environment. Driving forces can include changes in social, technological, environmental, economic andpolitical factors, for example: Demographic factors (population increase, in/out migration, changing age/genderstructure, etc). Laws and regulations (affecting land ownership, labour relations, environmental protection measures, etc). Policies (subsidies, price controls or guarantees, import/export controls, quotasand tariffs, exchange rates, etc). Markets and competition (size of or access to, local, national and internationalmarkets; growing competitiveness of producers in other regions, countries etc). Technology (availability of new genotypes, machinery, etc). Institutions (new actors, influences, social organization). Information (availability, communications technology). Non-agricultural employment opportunities (processing, manufacturing, business,services, migration/ remittances, etc.) Natural resources (characteristics of watershed, water availability, groundwaterlevels, land degradation, etc). Driving Forces Analysis: Driving force can be analyzed in two steps Identify relevant driving force Assessing the impact they will have Types of Driving Forces: Some of the common driving forces of industries. Increasing globalization of industry Changes in cost and efficiency Shifting from standardized to differentiated products (or vice versa) Regulatory influences government policy changes Changing societal concerns, attitudes, lifestyles Changes in degree of uncertainty risk Changes in long-term industry growth rate Changes in who buys the product how they use it Product innovation Technological change/process innovation Marketing innovation Entry or exit of major firms Diffusion of technical knowledge Driving forces In Textile industries of Pakistan: Pakistans textile industry faces several factors, both internal and external, that affect its competitive edge in global trade. An increase in production costs because of the heavy cost of credit finance Government levies and taxation have weighed heavily on the industry, Domestic cotton has not met qualitative needs of the growing spinning and textile sectors. Pakistans downstream users have also impacted the market, Government-backed supportive policies and heavy subsidies of our regional rivals like China, Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. External trade and tariff barriers, such as high import duties by the U.S. and anti-dumping duties by European Union. Pakistans loss of preferential access under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) in the E.U. Other Driving forces in textile industry: Pakistani Mills Look For the Competitive Edge RGST to affect value-added textile sector Zero rated status for all exports to be maintained Government restores zero-rating for textiles Textile Policy 2009-14 Analysis Finance Bill to Burden Industry Further Increasing Cost of Production Electricity Crisis Tight Monetary Policy Removal of subsidy on Textile sector United States EU cuts imports of textile from Pakistan Raw material Prices Effect of Inflation Pakistani Mills Look For the Competitive Edge: Pakistans cotton and textile industries have adapted to changes in the global cotton trading environment during recent years by investing more than U.S. $6 billion in production and technology upgrades. Because of that, Pakistans domestic consumption has surpassed production by about  3 million bales. But even with increasing consumption, Pakistans textile industry faces several factors, both internal and external, that affect its competitive edge in global trade. Many mills have incurred losses during the last two years. Those mills which could not adopt the necessary changes in the new business environment because of their financial restraints and heavy liabilities have experienced the greatest losses. To make their projects viable and to minimize losses, mills are generally curtailing their production by going into fine count yarns or closing parts of their units. Current Forecast: Pakistan emerged as a major player in world cotton trade after a phenomenal increase in its spinning capacity in the last few years. Traditionally, most of the mills in Pakistan still prefer to use Pakistani cotton due to its known spinning characteristics and easy availability for making medium-count yarns. But many mills have now developed permanent plans and blends based on imported cotton to bridge the shortfall in the local cotton supply.Recently, some mills have bought about 15,000-20,000 tons of Brazilian 2008 crop on call basis for shipment in 2008, and several other mills are inquiring to buy Brazilian cotton on the same basis. Some Brazilian businesses have reported as far as 2009. Some of the mills use this mode of buying to secure their short position in Pakistani cotton. If domestic price goes up, they opt to take shipment, and if prices come down to their desired level, they mange to get their import contracts settled with the shipper with mutual consent.According to pr ivate estimates, about 2.5 million bales of different growths have been booked in 2006/07 through the end of April. By February 2007, about 1,900,521 bales (170 kgs each) had reached the country. Pakistan may need to buy another 300,000-400,000 bales, which they may cover mostly from U.S., Brazil, West Africa and Uzbekistan. Pakistans Supply And Demand 05/06 06/07 07/08 (E) Beginning Stock 4.45 3.50 3.00 Production 12.40 12.40 14.20 Imports 2.05 2.85 2.20 Total Supply 18.90 18.75 19.40 Consumption 15.00 15.50 16.00 Exports 0.40 0.25 0.40 Ending Stock 3.50 3.00 3.00 Total Distribution 18.90 18.75 19.40 (all figures in million bales of 170 kg. each) Cotton vision 2015 Under cotton vision 2015, the government plans to bring more area under cotton cultivation particularly in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. According to the plan, the government wanted to increase cotton production by 20 million bales through potential areas of Balochistan and KP. Having considered various options for production enhancement, it was realized that the production level of 20 million bales could be achieved by 2015 with a modest increase in sowing areas in potential cotton growing areas of Balochistan and NWFP coupled with an average of 5% growth in per hectare yield. The sources said that cotton alone contributes nearly 65 percent of the foreign exchange earnings of Pakistan. To bring more area under cultivation and ensure food security, the government plans to purchase 100 bulldozers for land development work in Balochistan with financial assistance of Italian government. The bulldozers procured will be deployed for development of 78 thousand hectares of land (70 pe rcent new and 30 percent existing) throughout the life of the bulldozers. The bulldozers would be given to the farmers at the rate of Rs 550 per hour against operational cost of Rs 3994.60 per hour involving 86 percent subsidy. (February 16, 2011) RGST to affect value-added textile sector RGST bill was most complicated than on-going GST and urged the government not to impose RGST that was going to push the export-oriented and labor intensive Textile Value Added Textile Sector to the wall. He said that the textiles exporters had strong exceptions to the government for continuously ignoring the reservations of the exporters regarding the imposition of the RGST and Zero Rate facility would not be withdrawn. But it is fact the Govt. had not yet cleared the outstanding refund claims of billions of rupees so far. He mentioned that the government was also holding up millions of exporters money under export rebate which was at present around 1%. Now it seems impossible in the present state of functioning that FBR could smoothly release 15% of GST refunds. To meet this shortfall in working capital, textile exporter/entrepreneur would resort to bank for financing its export for which mark-up rate itself is on a parallel rise. Thus Textile Value Added Textile Sector would be lead to an ultimate collapse, which facing shortage and day-by-day growing bills of Gas, Electricity and basic raw material. RGST may lead textile industry to bankruptcy He said textile industry was consuming 15 percent (600mmcfd) of total load of 4000mmcfd but the shortage is already being shifted on the industry which is unfair. According to him, textile industry has already lost $1.5 billion exports last year as a sizeable capacity remained idle on account of non-availability of gas. This loss is likely to touch $3 billion this year due to increase in value of commodities, if the gas supply to the industry is discriminatory suspended. He feared industry production loss to the extent of 30 percent ahead in case textile industry is denied gas during peak load period starting from November till February. Textile industry has already suffered from 44 days unprecedented gas load shedding during summer. The industry worries are piling up fast with regard to the next 12 months load management policy. Government restores zero-rating for textiles The government has restored the zero-rating for textile exporters and lowered the rate of general sales tax (GST) to four to six percent on sales of textile goods in local markets from the earlier notified 17 percent. Now manufacturers will not have to pay GST on their purchases if the goods manufactured are meant to be exported. If a registered taxpayer or exporter buys yarn with an aim to sell finished products made of it (yarn) in local markets, then he will pay four percent GST. And afterwards, four percent GST will be charged at every level of value-addition instead of 17 percent. If an unregistered taxpayer buys yarn, then he will be liable to pay six percent GST, and four percent GST will be charged on every step of the value-addition chain. Moreover, authorities have also clarified that the special excise duty will only be charged from other than zero-rated sectors. And those imports that are made for the purpose of exports will also remain zero-rated. The rate of withholding tax has been fixed at one percent. All these decisions will come into force with effect from April 012011. The decisions announced in these respects on March 15 through presidential ordinances and subsequently notified through statuary regulatory orders (SROs) have become null and void. The new decisions were taken by finance minister Abdul HafeezShaikh and chairman of FBR Salman Siddique at a grand meeting with textile makers. Delegates from Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry, chambers of commerce of different cities and representatives of textile bodies participated in the meeting held at Islamabad. This is a win-win situation for the government and textile makers, said a participant of the meeting. There was consensus on the rates of taxes.Officials agreed to implement four to six percent GST on local sales instead of 17 percent after they were made to realize the menace of Afghan Transit Trade (ATT). If the government had not lowered the taxes, it would have encouraged smuggling under ATT and through other channels. According to an estimate, goods worth $2.5 billion were smuggled into the country last year under the garb of Afghan transit trade. Textile Policy 2009-14 Analysis The first ever National Textile Policy was announced by the government in 2009 and is being generally hailed by the stakeholders since it not only addresses some of their key concerns and demands but also shows (albeit after a long wait) the required commitment and assumption of ownership by the Textile Ministry for providing meaningful policy direction to this largest national manufacturing sector. While the announced policy tends to be quite comprehensive and well researched its success will largely depend on the team assigned to micro manage its implementation and the operational strategy it then goes on to adopt. More often than not, perfectly good policies in the past failed to yield the desired results owing to blatant micro-management failures. Further, we find that embedded in the policy itself are measures that represent its core strength but ironically remain beyond the executionary ambit of the Textile Ministry. For example, it is all very well to announce Priority in Gas and Electricity Load Management, but to be able to effectively carry this out poses some serious practical challenges. First, to implement such a measure requires equal assurance and willingness by the related yet different ministries, namely Water Power and Oil Gas. Second, the textile industry itself is scattered and does not draw power from either dedicated textile feeders or textile specific po wer stations. Therefore ensuring continuity of supplies only to textile mills while switching off others, may operationally not be doable. Third, the textile industrial units (especially the small and medium sized) are so grossly intertwined with residential areas in virtually all industrial centers such as, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Sheikhupura, Multan, etc., that it gets to be virtually impossible to separate the gas and electricity supply lines of domestic users from the industrial ones. Perhaps a better approach would have been to consult with relevant ministries and announce that a) Textile units in all sizes are entitled to alternative feeder arrangement that ensures continuity of supply from one feeder while the other is switched off for load management, b) Gas to be made available at the doorstep of textile units (like in the earlier days) to overcome the current prohibitive cost of simply getting a gas connection installed; a cost that at present literally denies a significant portion of the industry from cheap, efficient and clean fuel in shape of natural gas, c) Since gas supply management is there to stay, especially in winters, why not just announce a reduced gas tariff (like in Bangladesh) for industry that can in-turn help average out additional fuel costs undertaken by the industry during the period when gas is not available, and d) An establishment of a joint cell consisting of representatives from related ministries and the industry to create a forum that is easily accessible to mill managements and that can at the same time ensure to resolve problems that emerge on an on-going basis. Increasing Cost of Production Textile industry of Pakistan is facing problems in competing in the international market due to increase in the cost of production. The increase in the cost of production is due to the facts like interest rate, inflation and the continuous depreciation of Pakistani rupee value.Textile exporters rightfully demand reduction of Kibor rate to 8% to avoid a severe decline in exports. A three-year comprehensive textile policy is expected to be announced before budget 2009-10. The textile policy has been designed to enhance the exports of textile sector to $ 25 billion in next three years. This was stated by the Minister for Textile Industry RanaFarooqSaeed Khan. Textile Minister further informed that the spinning and weaving sector would get its due share from the Export Investment Support Fund, worth Rs. 40 billion allocated in the Federal Budget 2009-10. Electricity Crisis As a consequence of load-shedding the textile production capacity of various sub-sectors has been reduced by up to 30 per cent. The joint meeting of APTMA other related organization was held at APTMA House to formulate a joint strategy to address the alarming electricity crisis being faced by the textile industry. The meeting unanimously decided to constitute a joint working group of electricity management for the textile industry in the larger interests of the value chain of the textile industry. The joint working group will meet shortly to design a detailed plan to pursue the following goals; immediate total exemption from Electricity load shedding for the textile industry value chain; Rationalization and reduction of electricity tariff. The load-shedding of electricity cause a rapid decrease in production which also reduced the export order. The cost of production has also risen due to instant increase in electricity tariff. Due to load shedding some mill owner uses alternative s ource of energy like generator which increase their cost of production further. Due to such dramatic situation the capability of competitiveness of this industry in international market effected badly. Fig.1. illustrates comparison between electricity production and consumption (Business Recorder Pakistan -Special report, 2009). Tight Monetary Policy Due to the stiff monetary policy the cost of production is high. Due to high interest rate financing cost increases which cause a severe effect on production. The withholding tax of 1% also effects the production badly. The high cost of doing business is because of intensive increase in the rate of interest which has increased the problems of the industry. The government should take immediate measures to remove slowdown in the textile sector. Removal of subsidy on Textile sector The provisions of Finance Bill 2009-10 are not textile industry friendly at all. Provisions like reintroduction of 0.5% minimum tax on domestic sales, 1% withholding tax on import of textile and articles etc., are nothing but last strick on industrys back. Reintroduction of minimum tax on domestic sales would invite unavoidable liquidity problem, which is already reached to the alarming level. The textile industry was facing negative generation of funds due to unaffordable mark up rate. United States EU cuts imports of textile from Pakistan United States cancel more than 50% of textile orders of Pakistan .US also impose a high duties on the import of textile of Pakistan which effect the export in a bad manner. US EU are the major importer of Pakistan textile which create a huge difference in export of Pakistan textile after imposing a restriction on import of Pakistani textile goods. Raw material Prices Prices of cotton other raw material used in textile industry fluctuate rapidly in Pakistan. The rapid increase in the price raw material effects the cost of production badly. The increase in raw material prices fluctuates rapidly due to double digit inflation instable internal condition of Pakistan. Due to increase in the cost of production the demand for export home as well decreased which result in terms of downsizing of a firm. Hence the unemployment level will also increase. Government should take serious step to survive the textile industry. In order to decrease the price raw material for textile we need to increase our production capability. Simultaneously, the government should make arrangement for introducing international system of Cotton Standardization in Pakistan to enhance quality and value of Pakistan lint cotton by utilizing the technical services of Pakistan Cotton Standard Institute. Effect of Inflation Inflation rate is measured as the change in consumer price index (CPI).Inflation is basically a general rise in the price level. It is decline in the real value of money. Inflation can have adverse effect on economy. Pakistan is one of prey of inflation. It still faces high double digit inflation. The increase in inflation causes the increase in the cost of production of textile good which return in downsizing. The double digit inflation causes reduction in exports of textile. (FPCCI) Chapter 03: Industry Profile: Background: World Textile Industry was initially started in Britain at the beginning of the 18th century was the production of textilesas the spinning and weaving machines were invented in that country.Preston barber Richard Arkwright in 1769, patented a machine that would take cotton spinning from home to the factory. Arkwrights water frame was the first textile machine to use water power rather than muscle power. From this marked the factory system started, which later spread to other industries.According to statistics, the global textile market possesses a worth of more than $400 billion presently. The industry has faced high competition and opportunities in a more globalize environment. It was forecasted that Global textile production will grow by 25% between 2002 and 2010 and Asian region or the Asian countries will largely contribute in this sector.The WTO has taken so many steps for uplifting the textile industry sector. In 1995, WTO had renewed its MFA and adopted agreement on textiles a nd clothing (ATC), which states that all quotes on textile and clothing will be removed among WTO member countries.However the level of exports in textiles from developing countries is increasing even if in the presence of high tariffs and quantitative restriction by economically developed countries.Moreover the role of multifunctional textiles, eco-textiles, e-textiles and customized textiles are considered as the future of textile industry. Types of Textile Industry: These are the industry lie in the textile sector Cotton industry Woolen industry Silk industry Linen industry Pakistan Textile Industry Description: Whenever we think of manufacturing industry in Pakistan, it is textile industry that immediately comes to mind that is playing an important position in terms of the employment generation and value added special contribution towards the exports. Pakistans textile industry is one of the most important sectors of Pakistan. We can say that after agriculture sector, the textile industry is the backbone of Pakistan as it contributes significant part to the country GDP, exports as well as employment. s the fourth largest cotton producer in the world. Because of its plentiful, indigenous cotton supply, the textile industry is central to the Pakistani economy. The Pakistan textile industry has strong base of raw material, started its journey from non existence in 1947 with meager size of 78000 spindles and merely 3000 looms that was unorganized sector, and only 8% domestic demand was catered. The industry has gone through a long way and now possesses 443 units, 8.4 million spindles and 166,000 rotors, 20,000 shuttles less looms, 200,000 power looms, over 600 processing units and over 2500 garments units.Textiles and Clothing, no doubt is the largest industrial sector of Pakistan from the investment, employment and export point of view. It accounts for approximately 27 percent of total industrial output, absorbs about 38 percent of industrial labor force, and contributes around 60 to 65 percent to export earnings. [Pakistan Economics Survey]. The cotton countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Fourth largest producer of cotton after USA, China and India. Third largest consumer of cotton. Third largest exporter of cotton textiles. Second largest supplier of cotton yarn with 26% share of the international market. These are the main sectors of Textile Industry: Spinning Weaving Finishing Dyeing/ Printing Pressing Fashion designing Spinning It is the process of converting raw material into yarn. The raw materials may be natural materials such as cotton or manmade fibers such as polyester. Sometimes, the term spinning is also used for production of manmade filament yarn. Weaving It is the process of making cloths like t-shirts, jeans and all, rugs, blankets and other products by crossing two set of threads over and under each other. Now, weaving machines are used for this process. Weaving is the most important sub-sector of textile. The exports of woven fabrics and other related woven made-ups form a major portion of textile exports from Pakistan. Finishing Finishing of cloth is one of the chief arts in the textile industry. The appearance of the any product is the first concern, and the appearance of any fabric is just because of the methods of finishing. Dyeing/ Printing The Dyeing of clothing and other materials is a fairly simple process. It doesnt consume much time and workactually it often depends on what type of dye you purchase. Printing is something through which cloths are printed with different designing and prints. Pressing The cloths which came after the process of dyeing and printing would go for the pressing. It is simply pressing the cloths. Fashion Designing It is new in the textile industry, actually the popularity of fashion designing begin from previous couple of years. It is the applied art dedicated to clothing and lifestyle accessories created within the cultural and social influences of a specific time. Process of Textile Value Chain Challenges to textile: Frequent fashion changes. Anti dumping policies imposed by major importers. Non tariff barriers may increase such as standards relating to child labour, human rights, wages and working conditions, use of carcinogenic chemicals, inflammable materials, etc. Increased competition from India, China, Turkey, Caribbean Sub-Saharan countries and others who have preferential trade arrangements with major importing countries. High power cost frequent power cuts. Lesser usage of eco-friendly materials.   Lack of international marketing efforts. Higher rate of interest on loans for modernization and expansion.   Less awareness in acquiring international quality certifications. Chapter 04: Company Profile: Name Owner Location Adil Textile Gulistan Textile Mills Limited Quetta. Text Accord Textile Gulistan Spinning Mills Limited Quetta Textile Mils Ltd Ahmed Hassan Textile Mills Limited Gulshan Spinning Rashid Text. Ahmed Spinning Mills Limited Hafiz Textile  Ã‚   Ravi Textile Mills Al -Azhar Textile Hajra Textile Redco Textiles Al-Abid Silk Mills Hala Spinning Regent Textile Ali Asgahar Textile Hamid Textile Mills Reliance Cotton Alif Textile Harnai Woolen Mills Reliance Weaving Al-Jadeed Textile Haroon Oils Resham Textile Allawasaya Textiles Harum Textile Ruby Textile Mills Al-Qadir Textile I.C.C. Textiles Rupali Polyester Limited Amazai Textile Ibrahim Fibre Ltd. Sadoon Textile A

Is College an Activity or a Lifestyle? :: Personal Narrative School Essays

Is College an Activity or a Lifestyle? Nikaurys and I became fast friends in the kindergarten Sunday school class at our Mennonite church. We used to beg our parents to let us spend Sunday afternoons together so we could play all the games we dreamed up. Our Sunday friendship continued throughout junior high and high school. Today I am sitting in a dorm room in northern Indiana, looking at walls covered with pictures of Nikaurys and I playing house under the coconut palms in her yard, the two of us at church camp, and our fifteenth birthdays. I have not seen Nikaurys since I went home for Christmas break last year. As time goes by, I feel like I am becoming more distanced from her because now that we are both in college, our experiences are very different. Yet I know that when I see her again, we will be able to talk about the common aspects of our college experiences, regardless of culture. My college experience in the United States is very different than Nikaurys'. When I go to dinner, the food service attendant greets me by saying "good evening, Elisabeth," as she reads my name off the I.D. card that she is scanning the value of another meal from. I smile, and politely ignore the fact that no one calls me Elisabeth. The Marriott cafeteria is busy with the 5:30 p.m. rush, so I wait in line behind at least twenty other people. Dinner tonight is a choice of soup and sandwich, mashed potatoes and gravy, or a salad. I load my antiseptic-looking plastic tray with chili and a grilled cheese sandwich and casually scan the crowd at the tables while I fill my glass with root beer. When I spot my roommate and a few of my friends talking animatedly at a table by the window, I carry my tray over to join them. The table is already full, but people stack their trays together so I can fit in. As I bite into my sandwich, the topic of conversation turns to whether we have set a record for the number of people around a table at the Marriott or not. Someone claims that the record number is thirteen, but after several minutes of loud arguments, we decide that it would be impossible to fit that many people in. At her home in Santo Domingo, my friend Nikaurys' dinner is much quieter affair.

“Necessity Is Something in the Mind, Not in Objects”

Hume believed that the common notion of cause and effect is wrong. This conviction on his part stemmed directly from the assumptions he made earlier on when creating his philosophical system. He divided human perception into two: â€Å"impressions† were supposed to be instant, strong feelings or perceptions, whereas â€Å"ideas† are those that have already faded away, leaving us with only a partial knowledge of what we felt.Ideas have their source in impressions; therefore if there exists a rational idea of necessity, it has to come from an earlier impression. Yet no impression coming from our external environment can give us any idea about necessity. Nor can we find it in ourselves, because even if we see our body move a hand, how can we be sure it is us who moves it? As it inevitably turns out, according to Hume, because we have no experience of necessity, it is our mind that creates these connections we are so sure about.It is our habit to look for cause and effect, because that’s the way to easily explain how world functions to ourselves. We are assuming that certain causes will create equal effects as in the past not because we can prove it, but because it has been this way before. A good example of this is how we expect the Sun to rise every morning – using the mathematical method of induction we assume that what has been true in the past, will be true in the future as well.Of course, something might stop the Sun from rising in the morning, so the right thing would be to say that it is highly probable that it will rise, but there is no certainty. We skip all of this, because it’s more convenient, and it lies in human nature to take advantage of it. Of course, Hume does not say, that causality/necessity doesn’t in fact exist, he only points to the fact that we are unable to derive its existence from hard facts and are instead using a very defective method of reasoning.

Five Levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy in Cast Away

Pysiological Needs, includes the most basic needs that are vital at survival, like the need for water, air food and sleep. Security needs, includes needs for safety and security. Security needs are important for survival, but they are not as demanding as the physiological needs. Some examples are health insurance, shelter from the environment. Social needs, includes needs for belonging, love and affection. Examples of Social needs are friendship and families help fulfill this needs for companionship and acceptance. Esteem needs, becomes increasingly important after the first three needs have been contented.It includes the needs for things that reflect on self-esteem, such as social recognition, accomplishment, social recognition. Self-actualizing needs, is the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. People that are self-actualizing are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others and interested fulfilling their potential. The nee ds that appeared to be most urgent and necessary were the Physiological needs; Chuck Noland’s actions agreed with Maslow’s Hierarchy when we got on the island, he immediately sought food.The items that were already present on the island were Coconuts, Rocks, Sticks, and Palmetto Leaves. They met the needs of Physiological and Safety. The items that Chuck Noland used from the FedEx boxes were Clothing, Volleyball, Ice Skates, and VHS tapes. The needs that these items met were Physiological and Love. The movie Cast Away, Chuck Noland was stranded on an island. He was stuck there for about four years. As the years went by, he became more aware of how to survive.He knew how to find food, how to make shelter, and how to keep himself company. He used his volleyball that was in a FedEx box as a friend to talk to. He used leaves and sticks and sunlight to build a fire. He used porta potty as shelter. He also used anything for food. He was the only one who survived on that isla nd from all of his co-workers. He finally built a boat and went in the water. Soon he found a huge ship that he climbed onto and sent home. When he got home nobody recognized him. Also when he got home, he got told bad news.His fiance that he was planning on marrying thought he was dead and fell in love with his dentist, and ended up marrying him. In my opinion I do think Chuck Noland met his need for self-actualization during his stay on the island. For example, self-actualization means self-aware, concerned with personal growth, and less concerned with the opinions of others. He honestly didn’t care what other people that about him, he thought he was successful and a hard worker. All in all, the movie Cast Away was very good movie that represented the five levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy.

The Media In Zimbabwe essays

The Media In Zimbabwe essays 1. Introduction: Contextualising Zimbabwes Political Climate 2. Taking Control: Propaganda and Legislation 3. Press Coverage of the 2000 In Zimbabwe, the ruling party, Zanu PF, and particularly the President of Zimbabwe, Cde Robert Mugabe, have imposed many legislative and political strictures on the national press in recent years, and have made access to the country difficult and dangerous for foreign journalists. The purpose of this essay is to analyse and evaluate the governments intensifying control of the media, and manipulation of other mass communication tools, in Zimbabwe, and to examine the political, social and economic consequences that these measures of absolute control have rendered. Introduction: Contextualising Zimbabwes Political Climate At this time, the people of Zimbabwe are faced with many hardships; the economy was, until recently, one of the strongest in Africa, but has been hugely undermined by political wrangling between the government and opposition parties. Massive inflation, escalating unemployment, and a marked decrease in GDP are having a direct effect on the day-to-day lives of the 12 million-strong population. As the governments position becomes more and more challenged, it response is one of unswerving subjugation of both the opposition, and the media which supports it. In order to fully appreciate the effects of politics on the Zimbabwean media, and vice versa, it is important to understand the way in which Zimbabwe has developed as a country, and the power that its government now holds over the populace. The remainder of this chapter, therefore, serves as a prcis of Zimbabwes history, and aims to create a context in which the relationship between the Zimbabwean government and the domestic (and to a lesser extent, international) press can be examined. The government of Zimbabwe (a former British colony know...

Reproductive Cloning Medicine Essay Sample

Reproductive Cloning Medicine Essay Sample Reproductive Cloning Medicine Essay Example Reproductive Cloning Medicine Essay Example In 1970, the first product of cloning process was realized. It was a sheep known as Dolly. The sheep had all the morphological features as the donor sheep. The process was successful. There was a lot of excitement among the scientists. It is ascribed to the breakthrough which was touted as the most difficult to achieve. By consequent, curiosity accrued among scientists to make other discoveries. Thus, they ventured into cloning human beings. After series of attempts, they also managed to come up with a cloned human being. The latter intrigued most scientists. However, the excitement was fleeting since a debate regarding this reproductive process cropped up. While a huge segment of people advocated for human cloning, another portion of the society condemned this process. From the unfolding above, it is categorical that the discovery of cloning human beings opened the Pandora box. It is on this premise that this discourse is hinged. The discussion highlights the ethical aspects that ma y be negatively affected by the issue of human cloning. To bolster this stand there was a decision taken by the former president of the United States of America, Bill Clinton. He condemned this process of reproduction to the extent of establishing the Anti Cloning Act of 1997. In essence, human cloning remains a danger to the ethics of the society. It is uncalled for since it disdains the general humanity as well as the Mother Nature. Hence, it should be considered unethical and must be vehemently discouraged in the society. There are various reasons as to why cloning is unethical. One of them is that cloning gives uncertain results. Numerous experiments were carried out during the process. Most of these experiments normally failed. It is a trial and error process and the chances of its success remain flimsy. It explains why, for instance, the Dolly sheep appeared after 277 tries were made. It means 276 fused eggs were subjected to this process without success (Capps Alastair 36). So many deaths of embryos were caused while trying to come up with the Dolly sheep. In cases where embryos survived to maturity, the newborn products died upon delivery. It highlights the extent to which cloning can be uncertain. Hence, it can be an extremely wasteful process. Accordingly, the process of cloning would unquestionably be detrimental to human beings. Envisage a scenario where millions of embryos are subjected to death in the process of developing human beings through cloning. Alternatively, imagine a scenario whe re children are born through cloning, only to die after delivery. Such process brings the human life into disrepute. It is true that cloned humans lack the natural aspect in them. Therefore, even if they are successfully manufactured, their lifespan is likely to be shorter in comparison to human beings born through the natural process. Uncertainty is also exhibited in the manner in which the cloned products are vulnerable to diseases; among other biological shortcomings. It has been proven that cloned products have got no adequate resistance to ecological conditions. Thus, they are susceptible to diseases, genetic damage and abnormality. Another element of uncertainty involves late manifestation of recessive genes. Under such circumstances, a whole line of people may negatively be affected by such genes. With the above facts regarding uncertainty, cloning remains a process that should not be condoned. The economical aspect of cloning is extremely wanting. It is a scientific process which involves numerous and complex procedures to succeed. It also requires expensive equipment and materials to make it successful. Engaging in large scale cloning, therefore, serves as a threat to the economy. A state which is engaged in human cloning is likely to expend too much in this complex scientific process. In addition to that, so many funds are likely to go to wastage since the percentage of success of this process is currently 1% (Smith 74). Moreover, risks that come with cloning are enormous. Cases of negligence may ensue if the process of reproduction is embraced by most states. Ultimately, it is the economy that will be impinged upon. The only viable solution is to avoid this mode and embrace the traditional way of reproduction. In any case, there is not much danger associated with natural reproduction. Intensive cloning of human beings would lead to overpopulation. Natural means of reproduction have already caused overfilling of the world with human beings. The question that pegs is why should cloning be introduced yet the number of people on earth is already huge? In case cloning is embraced, therefore, there is a high risk of adding pressure on the natural resources. The cloned humans are almost similar to natural humans when it comes to requirement for resources. It means that if cloned people are added on the globe, they will also jostle for the few resources that are sustaining the current population. It is likely to alter the food cycles and many natural processes. It may result in chaos due to shortage of natural resources. Genetic diversity is an important aspect of human beings. Unfortunately, the cloning process is likely to diminish this crucial facet. As it is known, cloning involves getting genes from a donor, which are used to create another human being. The result of this process is total similarity between the donor and the recipient. The recipient exhibits similar traits as the donor. The looks are also the same. Basically, there is no substantial discrepancy between the two beings. Considering this, it is obvious that the human beauty will be greatly affected. One of the attributes that makes life a joy to live is the diversity that characterizes humanity. Every person is born with exclusive features in all aspects. Unfortunately, cloning does not provide for these amazing features. Instead, it serves as a photocopying machine which produces the exact copy of the original product. It is a con which is unquestionably undesirable. One of the reasons why human beings can survive in most ecologic al conditions is their vast genetic makeup. It is a positive attribute that may be wiped out if cloning is embraced. Cloning creates a single species of people who have no ability to adapt in any manner. In addition, such species does not have the ability to evolve. It clearly represents that cloning could prejudice the entire natural trend which has enabled humanity to thrive in all facets. Genetic diversity is one of the cornerstones that have sustained humanity on earth. There are various potential diseases to humanity. However, these diseases have been barred from attacking human beings due to the discrepancies in genetic makeup. Such phenomenon is of a great significance as it serves as a natural shield of human beings. The worry is that cloning could create loopholes for such diseases to attack human beings. It is attributable to the ability of cloning to generate people with similar genes. It makes them susceptible to potential diseases. Religion is one of the greatest phenomena in the world. Through religion, the world has remained peaceful. In addition, religion serves as the major proponent of social norms and ethics of the society (Roetz 42). Unfortunately, cloning has posed a threat to religion. Since time immemorial, religious believes have attributed creation and destruction to God. According to the teachings of religion, no other person has the right to create apart from God. Religious societies have always taught their children that the sole creator is God. Unfortunately, the issue of human cloning is causing confusion among the religion faithful. It would be extremely difficult for the religious leaders to promulgate their messages that God is the only creator. It may occur due to the fact that cloning could exhibit that human beings can as well create other human beings. It serves a monumental threat to religion as it can make many people stop believing in religious teachings. Religious leaders are adamant that cloning should be abolished outright since it disdains humanity. It also disrepute the work of God as far as creation is concerned. Religion has sustained the world to this level. Thus, actions such as cloning should be abolished for the sake of promoting the role played by religion for the past ages. Identity crisis is another problem that cloning may hatch in the society. When a person is cloned to produce a copy of another, there is likely to be chaos as far as identification is concerned. First, the donor may lose the value he or she had before being cloned. In any case, each person is unique in his own way. When cloning is carried out, the uniqueness diminishes since two people of similar looks and traits cannot be regarded as unique (Thompson 31). Confusion as to identity may also arise where the clone may do things in the name of the donor and no one may realize this. In case of a criminal act, one may be apprehended and charged for a crime that he did not commit. These are some of the challenges that the natural way of reproduction automatically prevents. The question as to the relationship between the donor and their clone pegs too. Will the donor call the cloned being as their daughter, son, brother or sister? Such question is likened to the Pandora box. Social acceptance is a challenge that may be caused by cloning. The issue of social acceptance is twofold. Human beings are social in nature, and they would always want to be accepted wherever they are. Just like the natural beings, cloned beings would also want to be socially accepted. However, it may never come to pass. They would be regarded as people who just came into existence as organ carriers of the original people. More so, they would be regarded as secondary human beings whose existence is not through the act of God. Such perceptions could spark a row between cloned people and natural people. It is a huge threat that pro-cloning persons should consider in their quest to have cloning as a legitimate process of reproduction. On the other hand, cloning could also cause rejection of natural human beings who harbor some physical deformities. Envisage a scenario where a crippled person has a clone which is perfect with no deformity. Definitely, humanity will start despising the n atural man at the expense of the clone. In any case, the clone will appear more perfect than the natural being. It is a critical scenario that could lead to rejection of normal or natural human beings with some physical challenges. Apart from creating unbalance in the society, the social fabric is likely to be immensely affected. Parenting and family matters are likely to be distorted. Relationships also face a disruption with the introduction of cloning. The natural way of birth comes as a package of love, affection and attachment (Soraj 57). Unfortunately, cloning does not provide for these elements in a family. During cloning, fused eggs of a person are implanted in another person who has got no biological relationship with the fused egg. When they deliver, there is no single resemblance of the mother and the child. It makes the mother lack the emotional attachment to the baby. In future it weakens the family ties. Furthermore, chaos is likely to ensue in families. The natural process of reproduction enabled people to appreciate the uniqueness of each person. Whether or not the child had deformities, parents allowed them to exist. The worrying trend is likely to be ushered in cloning process. There will be v arious choices to be made. Parents, for instance, will use all means possible to get babies with utmost intelligence and extraordinary abilities. It is a huge threat to diversity since children with shortcomings will end up being disdained in the society. At the end, the equilibrium that was established by natural phenomena will be distorted. It is when humanity will start realizing problems which were not unknown before. Cloning as a reproduction process may just usher in all sorts of illegal actions. People may use this process to come up with various clones to be used in instigating illegal activities (Juviler, George Arat 108). For instance, unscrupulous people and institutions may come up with various clones to help them carry out criminal activities without being noticed. When a person, for instance, has his own clones, he may use it to commit crimes without being identified. Alternatively, black markets may be established whereby people generate and sell clones for various purposes. It can cause a huge blow to humanity since people will be perceived as property which can be manipulated in any manner as desired by the orchestrators. So many entities, nations or criminal gangs desire to have huge armies and weapons to execute their desired tasks. Cloning may be the only way to create huge armies or criminal groups. Such move is likely to add more problems to present ones, as far as security is c oncerned. Insurgents and extremists are likely to use clones to execute their heinous activities since they do not consider them as complete human beings. Extremely wealthy people involved in crime are likely to come up with their own clones for tricking law enforcers. The infamous Osama bin Laden, for instance, was believed to have clones. It gave the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Central Intelgence Agency (CIA) hard time to track and apprehend Osama bin Laden. However, whether the claims that Osama had own clones are true or not, it is a subject to confirmation. Nature is a complex process that no one has the ability to comprehend. Through natural acts, various activities on the globe flow in a smooth manner. Nonetheless, cloning is attempting to usurp the power of nature. Cloning processes do not involve natural means of reproduction. For a reproduction to occur a series of processes take place. Even though these processes are long, they have their roles in cementing the unity and cohesion of the society (Cole-Turner Brent 27). The process of reproduction is usually initiated by love. Human beings of opposite sex get in touch and are brought together through love. Love is an element that God put in humanity to facilitate procreation. Once the two people accept each other, they engage in mating. It is a sexual intercourse which leads to conception. Once conceived, it takes nine months for a child to be born. Nature causes unconditional love between the mother, the father and the child. From the sequence highlighted, one notes the value whic h nature brings in the natural reproduction process. More so, the natural mode of reproduction strengthens social aspect of the society. With cloning, nature is distorted since people can get children in any manner. Gays, for instance, may decide to have children through cloning, which is against the natural provisions. In conclusion, cloning is a scientific process that is slowly establishing its roots in the contemporary society. However, those propagating for it have failed to foresee the repercussions of this process. It is a process which would see people losing their identity. Also, it will lead to excessive criminal activities due to similarity of people. When allowed, cloning will cause unprecedented transgressions from the natural practices. It would lead to chaos and confusions in the society at large. Cloning has got the effect of destroying family ties; a cardinal link that holds the world together. Religion is an important element on this globe. Through the teachings of religion people are accorded a chance to leave in harmony. Nonetheless, cloning is likely to water down the religious believes that have been in existent for the past centuries. Science and technology are very important to the world. They have generated comfort in various ways such as transportation, communication, gover nance and socialization. It is a positive trend. However, these developments have also caused unprecedented problems to the world. For instance, pollution of the environment has been occasioned. Global warming is now a huge threat to humanity. These are some of the major problems that human beings have caused through their scientific errands. Just like the above scientific processes, cloning is not an exception. Inasmuch as one would think it is a positive invention, the consequences of this process are likely to cause much trouble to the current and future generations. It calls for sobriety in policy making regarding cloning.

Chemalit Chemicals

Less: Amortization expense (1041. 67)123,958. 33 Total assets $491,197. 91 Liabilities 0 Stockholders Equity Contributed Capital 500,000. 00 Retained Earnings (8,802. 09) Total Stockholders equity 491,197. 91 Total Liabilities and Stockholders equity $491,197. 91 CHEMALITE, INC Cash Flow Statement For the period ended June 30, 2003 Cash flows for operating activities Cash paid to suppliers $ (75,000. 00) Cash paid for legal fees, charter printing costs (7,500. 00) Net cash flow from operating activities (82,500. 00) Cash flows for investing activities Cash paid to purchase machinery (62,500. 00) Cash flows from financial activities Cash received from shareholders 375,000. 00 Cash at end of year $230,000. 00 4. Financial Statements for stockholder’s for year 2003 CHEMALITE, INC Balance Sheet At December 31, 2003 Assets Cash $ 113,000. 00 Accounts Receivable 69,500. 00 Inventory 55,000. 00 Property, Plant and Equipment$ 212,500. 00 Less: Accumulated Depreciation10,885. 42 201,614. 58 Patent 125,000. 00 Less: Amortisation 25,000. 00 100,000. 00 Total Assets $ 539,114. 58 Liabilities 0 Stockholders Equity Contributed Capital 500,000. 00 Retained Earnings 39,114. 58 Total Stockholders equity 539,114. 58 Total Liabilities and Stockholders equity $ 539,114. 58 Income Statement For the period ended December 31, 2003 Revenue $ 754,500. 00 Expenses Cost of Goods Sold $ 545,000. 00 General and administrative expense 87,500. 00 Research and development expense 23,750. 00 Advertisement expense 22,500. 00 Interest expense 750. 00 Amortisation expense 25,000. 00 Depreciation expense 10,885. 42 Cash Flow Statement For the period ended December 31, 2003 Cash flows for operating activities Cash received from customers $ 685,000. 00 Cash paid to suppliers and employees(600,000. 00) Cash paid for administrative expenses(87,500. 00) Cash paid for research and development(23,750. 00) Cash paid for Advertising(22,500. 00) Net cash flow from operating activities $ (48,750. 00) Cash flows for investing activities Cash paid to purchase machinery(212,500. 00) Net cash flow from investing activities (212,500. 0) Cash flows from financing activities Cash received from shareholders 375,000. 00 Cash paid for interest on loan (750. 00) Net cash from financing activities 374,250. 00 Cash at end of year $ 113,000. 00 5. Report to Shareholders:- To Our Shareholders The year 2003 has been a very significant year for Chemalite, Inc with a successful commercial launch of its product and revenue earnings of over $700,000. The initial profits made in the first year are moderate due to the high ini tial expenses made on setting up the business and advertising. The financial health of the company is healthy with zero liabilities and a positive cash balance throughout the year despite the huge cash outflow from initial investment behind machinery and installation. The new invention of Chemalite has been patented by the company and is showing good value for business use. In addition to our current revenue sources we are expecting a great deal in the coming year which will be prestigious for the company as well as profitable. The committee for the Olympic Games, Athens 2004 has placed a firm order with us for 60,000 Chemalites which will generate $90,000 in revenue. The Olympics committee wants to give a Chemalite to each person in the opening ceremony. The athletes and fans will light their Chemalites which will be symbolic of the Olympic flame. This will bring us publicity and will improve our future marketable value. Going forward, we will have guaranteed sales from any demands for fireless ignition as Chemalite does not expect any competitors to come up with a similar product before five years. Lastly, we thank the shareholders for their continuous support and belief in the company.

The art aspect of (Al-Rowshan) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The art aspect of (Al-Rowshan) - Essay Example An Al-Rowshan is an essential section of a building’s frontage hence, its designs is vital to the architecture of the property. Al-Rowshan styles have changed over the years to reflect transformations in structural designs, building and construction materials. The ancient Maltese Al-Rowshan is a wooden closed Al-Rowshan protruding from a wall. On the other hand, Juliet Al-Rowshans does not project out of the building. They are normally a section of the upper floor, thin in depth with a balustrade at the front alone2. Different kinds of Al-Rowshans have been applied in portraying the imaginary lovers’ scene and the popular ones at the Verona villa is not a Juliet Al-Rowshan in the actual design sense. French or double doors are surrounded by Juliet balconies and permit them to be opened inwards for high light and aeration, whereas protecting inhabitants from falling out. They are not viewed as actual balconies while effectively serving as restraint because they lack plat form to stand on. Nevertheless, Juliet balconies remain to be famous currently the way they used to be many years ago and are a very efficient means of adding an outdoor feel to an indoor space. External balconies were supported by corbels manufactured from successive courses of stonework, or by large stone/wooden brackets during the renaissance and medieval eras. Cast iron, reinforced concrete and other materials are used commonly to support balconies since the 19th century3. Al-Rowshan/balconies in Britain Juliet balconies in the UK date back to the late Georgian era when architects specified them to offer grand homes a prominent appearance. They were at first produced in ornamental styles of wrought iron, they were shallow, rectangular and spanned the thickness of drawing room windows on the property’s first floor. Cast iron railings were growing in fame by the early 19thC with style dictating addition of classical designs to substitute the led finials of the ancient times . Designs were seen widely across cities and towns like London, Cheltenham and Bath as they became more complex. The mass production and lower cost of cast iron in the Regency era led to its extensive use in highly decorative Juliet Al-Rowshans combining details like urns and acorns4. Numerous archetypal townhouses of the era had full length sash windows that could be opened fully with cast iron Juliet Al-Rowshans offering the essential protection. Ironwork went on to be applied for Victorian priorities with first-floor in front of the increasingly-popular French windows. Architects were led by the recognition of the advantages of natural light to seek new means of improving daylight in a home. Better glassmaking methods enabled the manufacture of larger, cheaper and stronger windows of glass with fewer glazing bars for use in French windows at the same time. This was a rumble period for Al-Rowshans5. The Victorian also took motivation from Europe to construct their exceptional vers ions of Juliet Al-Rowshans once more using ironwork to great ornamental effect. Balconies were took them to an entire new level by the Edwardians who increased their sizes to stretch across several window. They were used by larger houses to enjoy augmented outdoor space and balustrading was constructed from wrought iron or carved white wood. The shift to higher housing densities and augmented application of Brownfield

Concept of multiple intelligences Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Concept of multiple intelligences - Assignment Example Gardener however emphasizes that there might be more forms of intelligence apart from these eight. There have been speculations of the possibility of existence of an experiential intelligence or spiritual intelligence or the ability to reflect on the big questions about life’s meaning. This idea of separate abilities by Gardener is based on evidence that in the instance of brain damage, the functioning of just one area, for instance language, is affected or interfered with and not the functioning of other areas. Another point of proof is the fact that a person may perform extremely well in any one of these eight areas but have no noteworthy abilities in the other seven. Gardener argues that intelligence refers to the ability to resolve problems and also make outcomes and products that are of value to a culture. There have been various values placed on these eight intelligences in different periods of history and cultures. In cultures with more emphasis on technology, mathemati cal and verbal intelligences are crucial while in cultures that are farming-oriented, a naturalist intelligence is important. Additionally, Gardener is of the opinion that the foundation of intelligence is biological in nature (Gardener, 1998). However, he does not refute that a general ability exists, but poses the question of how useful it is in accounting for various human achievements. Though the multiple intelligence theory by Gardener has been adopted by many educators, it has not been widely accepted in the scientific community. Some critics argue that a number of the intelligences are not at all new. Separate spatial and verbal abilities have been discovered by many researchers. Additionally, correlations among the abilities and the eight intelligences are not autonomous in nature. Spatial and logical-mathematical intelligences have a high correlation (Hoy & Hoy, 2009). Effective Uses of Multiple Intelligences The multiple intelligence view is advantageous since it amplifies individuals’ mode of thinking about different abilities and teaching avenues. There are various ways of using multiple intelligences to ensure good results in the classroom setting. Firstly, using this technique, schools can go about a discipline, general idea or subject matter in diverse manners. This caters for diverse needs of students. Many schools have previously been culprits of trying to cover too much too quickly. It is however more sensible to spend a substantial amount of time on the main crucial questions, productive ideas and concepts and let students familiarize themselves with such ideas and what they imply. There should therefore be effective utilization of changing instructions and a variety of methods of teaching used in the course of the day. So as to keep the students concentrated on the specific instructions, they should be made aware of differing strategies within a certain time period. The presentation of a single lesson can be done in a number of diffe rent ways. For example, when a lesson is introduced by oral, physical and visual means, the needs of every individual student are catered for by the teacher hence ensuring all students are fully engaged in class. This in turn increases the probabilities of students’

The connection between Networks and the Internet Essay

The connection between Networks and the Internet - Essay Example In a computer network, all data transmitted consist of a node which refers to any computer or digital device using the network links (Krol 49). The finest way to lead in the world of business today is to network systems in organization and businesses. Data networks are essential to all existing modern organizations. They facilitate in faster and easier ways to access any data and resources that are within the organization (Krol 53). There are many types of networks used in the entire world today both commercially and homes. Networks cab categorized according to their scope and scale, historical grounds, favorites for networking industries, their design and implementation matter (Krol 59). WAN - Wide Area Network - This network covers up a larger span for communication between the network devices. It is an interconnection of many LANs through routers, and its example is the network which is covering the entire globe. MAN - Metropolitan Area Network - This type of set-up is not common, but it can be useful in governmental departments and large organizations such as banks. It falls at the middle of LAN and WAN. It covers a larger geographical coverage compared to Local Area Network but smaller than Wide Area Network.   Ã‚  CAN - Campus Area Network – This network interconnects several multiple Local Area Networks but smaller compared to a Metropolitan area network. This type of network generally can be useful relatively in vast universities or buildings and local business offices.    SAN - Storage Area Network - This technology is mostly used for data storage. It’s mostly crucial to those organizations that are data oriented. This network connects servers to the data store devices through fiber channels technology. A network topology illustrates the arrangement of machines and devices on a network. It describes the way the computers and other devices within the network are laid down and linked to each other. Common network

Key Points Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Key Points - Essay Example Firstly, the article highlights that the financial distress impairs the ability of banks and other financial institutions to generate liquidity and thus, take a precautious approach to building risk profile of their loans. It becomes difficult for small businesses to get access to credit from these institutions which can be major contributors to the recovery of the US economy. Eichengreen (2011) is of the view that recent financial crisis is much more severe as compared to the Great Depression as it is likely to the growth rates of advanced economies as these economies are highly credit driven. Secondly, the article highlights that there is a little evidence from the Great Depression suggesting that the increase in the public debt in the form of higher budget deficit and government borrowing actually contributes to the slowdown in the investment. Although, it is argued that over public debt leads to change in tax policies, and higher interest rates making investments unattractive but the evidences from the Great Depression period suggest that after it the public debt increased by more than double however, the interest rates were not high. Thirdly, Eichengreen (2011) presented evidence from the Great Depression period that the slowdown in the economy actually created opportunities for businesses to take advantage from and reorganize themselves in a way that they are able to create more value in the period of recovery following the depressed conditions in the economy. However, one aspect of recovery that is more relevant to the recent crisis mentioned in the article is the slowdown in technology generation and implementation which can surely have greater implications for the current

Process of getting a driver license (car) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Process of getting a driver license (car) - Essay Example It states the legal age for and documents required in the process. Secondly, the person should get tested by a physician for medical examination in order to complete the medical Qualification Certificate. For applicants above 18 years, the applicants signature should be on the application. A photo of the applicant is taken The applicant can then visit the Driver License Centre with the credible documents. If the application documents are valid, the payments are made for the production of a driving licence. This is done in money order and other systems but not cash. A knowledge and eye screening test is then given in order to determine whether the applicant has passed. If the applicant passes, a learner’s permit will be issued. This permit remains valid for one year for applicants above 18 years. Finally, a road test is scheduled by a call or online where the applicant has to take the test. On this day, the applicant should have a valid learner’s permit, a proof of vehicle insurance, proof of the vehicle registration and accompanying driver’s valid driver’s

The connection between Networks and the Internet Essay

The connection between Networks and the Internet - Essay Example In a computer network, all data transmitted consist of a node which refers to any computer or digital device using the network links (Krol 49). The finest way to lead in the world of business today is to network systems in organization and businesses. Data networks are essential to all existing modern organizations. They facilitate in faster and easier ways to access any data and resources that are within the organization (Krol 53). There are many types of networks used in the entire world today both commercially and homes. Networks cab categorized according to their scope and scale, historical grounds, favorites for networking industries, their design and implementation matter (Krol 59). WAN - Wide Area Network - This network covers up a larger span for communication between the network devices. It is an interconnection of many LANs through routers, and its example is the network which is covering the entire globe. MAN - Metropolitan Area Network - This type of set-up is not common, but it can be useful in governmental departments and large organizations such as banks. It falls at the middle of LAN and WAN. It covers a larger geographical coverage compared to Local Area Network but smaller than Wide Area Network.   Ã‚  CAN - Campus Area Network – This network interconnects several multiple Local Area Networks but smaller compared to a Metropolitan area network. This type of network generally can be useful relatively in vast universities or buildings and local business offices.    SAN - Storage Area Network - This technology is mostly used for data storage. It’s mostly crucial to those organizations that are data oriented. This network connects servers to the data store devices through fiber channels technology. A network topology illustrates the arrangement of machines and devices on a network. It describes the way the computers and other devices within the network are laid down and linked to each other. Common network

Process of getting a driver license (car) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Process of getting a driver license (car) - Essay Example It states the legal age for and documents required in the process. Secondly, the person should get tested by a physician for medical examination in order to complete the medical Qualification Certificate. For applicants above 18 years, the applicants signature should be on the application. A photo of the applicant is taken The applicant can then visit the Driver License Centre with the credible documents. If the application documents are valid, the payments are made for the production of a driving licence. This is done in money order and other systems but not cash. A knowledge and eye screening test is then given in order to determine whether the applicant has passed. If the applicant passes, a learner’s permit will be issued. This permit remains valid for one year for applicants above 18 years. Finally, a road test is scheduled by a call or online where the applicant has to take the test. On this day, the applicant should have a valid learner’s permit, a proof of vehicle insurance, proof of the vehicle registration and accompanying driver’s valid driver’s

Christian Theology in A Good Man is Hard to Find Essay Example for Free

Christian Theology in A Good Man is Hard to Find Essay â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† by Flannery O’Conner reflects the Christian belief that even the most unlikely of people can be recipients of God’s grace. The grandmother and the Misfit, both â€Å"bad† in their own ways, are each unlikely and undeserving recipients of grace. According to Christian theology, humans are granted salvation through God’s grace, which can be bestowed upon to even the most unlikely. The grandmother’s and the Misfit’s moral codes they live by that affect their actions, decisions and perceptions. The term â€Å"moral† doesn’t necessarily mean good, but is simply the way people choose to live their lives. At first it seems as if it is the Misfit who lacks guidance as he continuously murders people. It is the grandmother whose moral code is weak and inconsistent. She has built her morals solely on what she believes make people â€Å"good.† She pays a great amount of attention in being a lady, repeatedly deceives her family, and lacks a clear standpoint on the world around her. She boasts about her love for Christianity, but does not seem to be able to pray when she finds herself in crisis. She even begins to question the power and divinity of Jesus. It is clear the grandmother is not sincere and aware of her actions. The Misfit has a strong and consistent moral code. The Misfit believes that the punishments he received from his experience of being a convicted criminal were always disproportional to his crime, and the crime doesn’t even matter at the end. He also shows a genuine curiosity about religion. The grandmother accepts faith unquestioningly while the Misfit challenges these beliefs and thinks deeply on how he should follow them or not. The Misfit has chosen to live under his assumption that religion is pointless and goes with his own belief â€Å"No pleasure but meanness.† (OConner 941). The Misfit only wishes he was present to see Jesus rise from the dead so he could know the events were factual. It is obvious the grandmother in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† lies to her grandchildren, manipulates her son, and makes several remarks as to why the  past times have superiority to the present. She believes she is morally superior to those younger than her. She also believes she has the right to judge the goodness of others and tell them how to live their lives. The grandmother seems quite oblivious to reality as she heads the family to somewhere completely different than where she thought they were. The tragic wreck was all due to the grandmother’s ignorance. Towards the final moments of her life, she instructs the Misfit to pray, despite the fact she lacks the sincere qualities herself necessary to form a prayer. As she grows afraid of what will happen to her, she agrees with the Misfit and changes her mind about Jesus rising from the dead. Her doing so reflects she is confused and unsure of her beliefs making her a very unlikely recipient of grace. The Misfit is an unrepentant murderer who finds no pleasure in anything but meanness. He shows no remorse for his actions. The Misfit was aware of Jesus being crucified, but felt that he would have had to see it to believe it for sure. Both characters show habitual sins and ultimately are each undeserving recipients of grace. Even people like the grandmother and the Misfit have potential to be saved by God, according to Christian Theology. The grandmother experiences a moment of grace after the Misfit’s wish to know for sure what Jesus did and didn’t do. Her head clears momentarily and she says â€Å"Why you’re one of my babies. You’re one of my own children!† (O’Conner 948). This suggests that the grandmother is realizing that they both are of the same kind. Given the circumstances, her comment seems pretty insane, but this is the g randmother’s clearest moment in the story. She shows compassion which implies that God has granted her grace just before she is shot by the Misfit. The Misfit too, is open to grace at this moment. He claims earlier in the story there was â€Å"no pleasure but meanness† in life, and now denies there is any pleasure in life at all after killing the grandmother. All his killings have quit giving him happiness, suggesting that he, too, may foster the possibility to change. â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† has a strong, somewhat harsh portrayal of religion. The characters in this story are both awakened and their faith is altered. The Christian idea of moments of grace in this story apply to real life. It is believed among many Christian followers that God’s grace is very powerful, unlike any other human could give to another. Most people misunderstand this and think that blessings are granted upon those who do good works and  punishments through bad works. The use of grace has nothing to do with any kinds of works, which is where most people are mistaken. Rather, the principle to the Christian theology of grace is recognized in the bible by Solomon. He said it is vain to judge God on matters of good or bad works. God can surely do as he pleases and His ways are opposite of man’s ways. Solomon says: â€Å"There is vanity that is done under the earth; that there be just men, unto whom it happens according to the work of the wicked; again, there be wicked men, to whom it happens according to the work of the righteous: I said that this is also vanity.† (Ecclesiastes 5:14) This quote suggests that despite the actions one may do, it is up to the grace of God that determines what that person deserves or does not deserve. The use of grace is all part of God’s plan for humans. No matter how many men judge a person, it is only God’s judgment that determines who receives grace. The grandmother and Misfit have been awarded the positive aspects of grace, which is not dependent on works of any kind. According to Christian theology, humans are commanded to be righteous and not evil. It says in the bible that God loves his creations so intensely he gave his only son to die for all human sins, which was a big question mark for the Misfit. If only he had known for sure maybe he would have never committed the immoral crimes he did. If the Misfit would have only known that according to Christian theology, all humans are destined by God’s divine grace no matter what deeds that have been done on earth, he would have made wiser decisions. If only th e grandmother had been shot every day all of her life, according to the Misfit, would she have been a better lady. When thinking of Christian theology, one would agree it just pertains to religion and God. Theology is the study of religion, and God’s relation to the world. Theology is based upon the Old and New Testament in the Bible, as well as historic traditions practiced by Christians. It has been practiced for thousands of years. People have always tried to make justifications to argue, examine, clarify, defend or promote Christianity. The Misfit seems to know most aspects when it comes to the Christian religion, as he talks about all of Christ’s works in the story. The way he viewed Christian beliefs was all an outcome on how he lived his life. â€Å"Our concepts about the divine  inform our lives more deeply than most people can trace. Whether God is viewed as distant or near, as gracious or capricious, as concerned or apathetic, the conclusions we reach—whether the result of careful reflection or negligent assumptions—guide our lives.† (Kapic 1) The wa y people live their lives depends on an individuals’ belief about theology and the way God relates to the world. It is the beliefs people choose to accept that ultimately guides everyday lives. Whether people choose to accept or deny that there is a God, it is all based on individual experiences and beliefs. The grandmother seemed to have thought she knew all about Christianity, but judging by her actions, it is clear she did not genuinely live righteously. There is no factual evidence that Jesus is real, but many have come to receive grace in their final moments, as shown in â€Å"A Good Man.† Believers of Christian faith are thought out to be hypocritical and this stereotype fits the grandmother’s character in â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find.† Just like the grandmother and Misfit in the story, it is grace that enabled them to come to Christ sincerely. The final lines in the story depict both the grandmother’s and Misfit’s realizations as if they have received answers to all questions about life. â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† reflects the Christian theology of grace. The grace of God is a gift, and if willing to accept it, even when undeserving, humans can be granted salvation like the grandmother was. The grace of God has been shown not to bestow upon the mere form of actions, but onto ones who are open to Christ, according to â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find.† Works Cited New King James Version. Thomas Nelson, Inc., 1982. Print. Kapic, Kelly M. A Little Book for New Theologians. InterVarsity Press, 2012. Print. O’Conner, Flannery. â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find.† The Writer’s Presence. Bedford/St. Martins; Fourth Edition, 2003. 931-943. Print.

Strategies of Patient Assessment in Nursing

Strategies of Patient Assessment in Nursing Introduction to Nursing Care The purpose of this assignment is to describe how a nurse assesses a patient admitted to a hospital ward. It will discuss the history of the patient, any pre-existing medical conditions and the reason they were admitted to the ward. It will also describe the hospital setting, the nursing model used, the risk assessment tools and the information collected from the assessment including the needs identified and what can be and will be done. For the purpose of this assignment the patient, healthcare professionals and the trust must remain anonymous, and will be referred to by pseudonyms. This is in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) code, where it clearly states you must respect peoples right to confidentiality (NMC Code, 2008). The patient receiving assessment and care will be referred to as Mrs Ethel Morris. Mrs Ethel Morris was admitted to an orthopaedic trauma ward within the North West. Orthopaedics is the correcting of deformities to the skeletal joints and bones, which have been caused by damage or disease (McFerran, 2008). The ward consisted of many staff, including, nurses, health care assistants, a house officer, medical consultants and physiotherapists. It had three bays, 2 being female, with 8 beds in each and one ten bedded male bay. Also, there were 4 side rooms for patients that needed to be isolated. This was an acute setting with various Orthopaedic conditions, including fractures of all types. The ward admits patients twenty-four hours a day from Accident and Emergency (AE) and transfers from other hospitals. Many of the patients admitted have pre-existing medical conditions, which have to be taken into account alongside their fractures. Ethel was an 82-year-old lady who had fallen whilst she was out shopping with her daughter. She usually walked with a walking stick to aid her balance, but with a previous history of dementia she had forgotten it. Dementia is a progressive deterioration of the brain, caused by structural and chemical changes within the brain. Symptoms include, memory loss, disorientation and changes in personality (Ouldred, 2007). Ethels friend had called an ambulance immediately after the fall, and she was admitted to the ward through accident and emergency. Ethels fall had resulted in a fracture to the neck of femur in her left leg. Marieb (1998) states that the femur is the strongest and largest bone in the body. It consists of a ball, which is known as the head of the femur, which is carried on the neck of femur to the long bone. The neck is the weakest part of the femur. Elderly people are more at risk of falls as their muscles become weaker they become less flexible. This then interferes with their movement and balance, they become more inactive and this increases the risk of falls. (Skelton et al, 1999) Ethel also has osteoporosis, which may have contributed to her fracture. Liscum (1992) states this is the formation of the bone having decreased. Elderly women suffering from osteoporosis, who subsequently sustain a fractured neck of femur, face a fifty percent chance of not walking again. Ethel appeared confused when she arrived on the ward, not knowing how she had come to be in hospital, apart from being aware of the pain and discomfort she was suffering with her hip. The nursing staff reminded Ethel what had happened and checked her drug kardex immediately for pain relief. The doctor who had seen Ethel in AE had written her up for 5ml of oromorph every three hours to control the pain. As oromorph is a controlled drug the nurse checked the dosage with another registered nurse and give it to Ethel orally. Once Ethel was comfortable, the nurse in charge of the bay began the nursing assessment. An assessment is the collection of information from an individual, to establish their needs and develop a clear prospective of their situation. The nursing process relies upon complete and thorough assessments to be a success. A key nursing skill is observing a patient, using all five senses, from listening to gain information, to touching them, assessing their temperature and the condition of their skin (Brooker and Waugh, 2007) Holland et al (2008) also states that an assessment identifies the priority amongst the problems. Data can be collected in a number of different ways, from observing a patient, communicating with them and through their clinical notes. Collection of information can also be made through a secondary source (a relative), if, for example, the primary source (the patient) was unconscious. A named nurse approach was used on the ward; this provides individualised care for the patient from admission to the point of discharge. Named nursing has been developed from primary nursing and is very closely connected to team nursing. (Dawe, 2008) The ward follows a philosophy of care to meet individual needs. Providing patient centred care, meeting individual needs whilst respecting their privacy, dignity, religious and cultural beliefs. They strive to provide high quality care and aim to maximise the potential of individuals to adapt and cope with their conditions. The wards philosophy reflects the National Service Frameworks (NSFs) quality of care. NSFs are in place to improve care in twelve specific areas, including blood pressure, diabetes and mental health. The standards have been implemented nationally and they have all been set certain time scales. (Department of Health (DOH), 2008) The ward uses most of the NSFs depending on which patient they are dealing with. In Ethels case the main ones being blood pressure and older people, which has eight different standards of its own. The nurse firstly recorded Ethels clinical observations, and her saturations appeared to be very low at only 89%. Oxygen saturations are monitored through an electronic device called a pulse oximeter. This reads the oxygen levels of haemoglobin in the arteries and is updated with each pulse (Jevon, 2000). The nurse immediately put her on four litres of oxygen through a nose cannula. A Nose cannula is two small plastic tubes that are inserted into each nostril to administer oxygen. This allows room air to be breathed in at the same time and is secured by tubing over the ears, which fits onto the oxygen cylinder (Brooker and Waugh, 2007). The nurse carried out Ethels assessment by her bedside with the curtains drawn to respect her privacy. As Ethel had dementia her daughter was present for the assessment, to confirm details and help with the process. Barrett et al (2009) states that nurses who carry out disorganized, incomplete assessments, may fail to notice a major concern, or recognize an underlying problem. Nursing models are used in the assessment process in most care settings. They are in place to establish the information that is required, ways it can be gathered for the best results, and the detail that is likely to be more helpful. (Aggleton and Chalmers, 2000) Roper et al (2000) says that models are used to help organize thinking by creating theory. They are global views that have been summarised into systems. There are many different Nursing Models used in clinical settings from Orems self care model to Hendersons model of nursing. Nursing models are used to provide a distinctive framework, to highlight what the patients needs are (Fawcett, 1989). The nursing model used on this ward was Roper Logan and Tierney, Activities of living model. Roper et al (1996) activities of living consists of twelve activities that ensure survival, these are, maintaining a safe environment, communicating, breathing, eating and drinking, eliminating, personal cleansing and dressing, controlling of body temperature, mobilising, working and playing, expressing sexuality, sleeping and dying. These activities are all as important as each other and one cannot be done without another. The impact of illness will affect more than one of these activities. Roper et al (2000) activities of living was first written in 1980 for nursing practice to be introduced to students. At this time there were five concepts in the model that included activities of living, lifespan and individuality in living. The model became the United Kingdoms most popular model and was also widely used throughout Europe. The nurse used a number of risk assessment tools when assessing Ethel. These were, the malnutrition universal screening tool (MUST), waterlow score, falls risk assessment score for the elderly (FRASE) and the Abbey pain scale. The MUST tool is a nutritional screening tool that recognises over nutrition (obesity) and under nutrition (BAPEN, 2008). The MUST tool was developed so nutritional care would improve in all care settings, by the malnutrition advisory group (MAG) of BAPEN. This tool can be applied to all adult patients, even those who are bed bound (BAPEN, 2008). As a result of the MUST screening tool, Ethel was commenced on a fluid balance chart. This measures the quantity of liquid intake, including Intravenous (IV) fluids and drinks, against the total urine output. Also to be monitored was Ethels food intake, this was to be done on a food chart. This needed updating after every mealtime to show how much was being eaten at different times. The waterlow score is to determine whether a patient is at risk of developing a pressure ulcer (Waterlow, 2005). This tool uses a scoring system, based on patients data. The categories include skin type, age, and continence. (Thompson, 2005) Ethels score was sixteen and she was at high-risk of pressure sores, this was due to her age and mobility. Waterlow (2005) first designed this tool for students use in 1985. It is the most frequent risk assessment tool in the United Kingdom (UK), and is used throughout hospitals, nursing homes and within the community. Pressure ulcers are most common in people with bony surfaces, thin skin and an unhealthy diet. Ethel was found to be a high risk of developing a pressure sore, as she was immobile and had tissue paper skin. The nurse commenced her on a turns chart so she would be rolled or moved every three hours to check and relieve her pressure areas. Also a pressure-relieving mattress was ordered for Ethel, this alternates the body areas under pressure by rotating the air throughout the mattress. (Collins, 2004) The FRASE assessment tool is to assess if a patient is at risk of a fall, taking into account their history and their current state. (Bolton NHS, 2003) Connard developed a fall risk assessment for the elderly in 1996; this was then adapted into a hybrid tool, known as the FRASE tool. It is in similar context to the waterlow score as they both use a points scale to assess the patients level of vulnerability (Kinn and Hood, 2001) The nurse carrying out the assessment began Ethel on a falls care plan, as she was at high-risk from having another fall. A member of staff was to update the care plan each day, noting any unsteadiness or falls. This was going to play a greater part after Ethels operation, as for the time being she was bed bound. The Abbey pain scale was developed in Australia to assess patients pain levels. It was used for individuals who had trouble communicating effectively and who suffered from dementia (Turner-stokes and Higgins, 2007). Abbey (2004) researched and developed the abbey pain scale between 1997 and 2002, and wanted it to be a straightforward and effective tool, used by all health care staff. It consisted of six scales to measure pain including physiological changes to changes in body language. Ethels score was seven and her pain level was acute to chronic during the assessment. The nurse had previously administered 5ml of Oromorph, and because of this the abbey scale was to be updated every hour to monitor the success of the pain relief. During the assessment the nurse collected various information from Ethel, including objective and subjective data. Newson (2008) states that objective data is information collected that can be measured such as temperature and blood pressure. The MUST tool was used to measure Ethels weight, and other observations were recorded, including blood pressure which was 142 systolic and pulse of 84; these were all in satisfactory limits. Any data collected outside the normal range would have been given an early warning score. A doctor and the outreach team need informing if a score totals three or above (Baines and Kanagasundaram, 2008). Also collected was Ethels details that included her, address, date of birth, and her medical history. This can be obtained through medical notes. as original records cannot be tampered with and all records made must be clear and accurate (NMC Code, 2008). Subjective data is information that cannot be measured, for example, information that the patient has given about him or herself, or the nurses insight on the patient (Newson, 2008). The nurse asked Ethel questions to gain this information, if she felt nauseas, or in pain and how she felt about what had happened. Also observed was Ethels behaviour to see if she was agitated or frightened, closed body language showed she was as her arms were wrapped around herself. The nurse also looked at and noted the condition of her skin, nails and hair. Due to Ethels dementia she didnt understand very much of what was going on and didnt know how she had ended up on a hospital ward. Short-term memory is affected alongside some long-term memory loss. This affects the ability to communicate with people and can result in the patient asking the same question repeatedly (LEHR, 2006). The nurse had to keep reassuring Ethel about what had happened, how she ended up on the ward and what her plan was. Communication is a key skill in nursing and it is an essential part in building the patient-nurse relationship. The nurse has to gain lots of information from the patient so it is important to know whether there is a communication barrier, such as a hearing problem or if the patient cannot read or speak the same language. They may need to speak more loudly or slowly so the patient can lip-read (Holland et al 2008). McCabe and Timmins, (2006) states that communication should be focused on the patient, rather than task centred. Listening, empathy and support are essential communication skills in nursing, but the main being to develop a relationship with the patient, and nurses should make time to spend with them. Ethels daughter stayed during the assessment process to help the nurse gain accurate information and communicate effectively with Ethel. The nurse had to speak slowly so she understood, and if she looked confused the nurse would reassure her and repeat the question. This process took a long time but it was necessary so Ethel could gain trust in the nurse. This made her feel more relaxed and comfortable as she could feel the warmth that had developed between them. This assignment has shown how a nurse has an important role in assessing, planning and the implementation of patient care. It has shown that nurses have to obtain data by using a various number of different sources, from assessment tools to observing patients behaviour. The nurse must also use a nursing model to help complete full and accurate assessments of patients and their needs. If there is a communication barrier, nurses must be able to overcome it by using an interpreter or picture cards. The needs identified during the assessment process have to be implemented and care plans introduced. Nurses then have a responsibility to keep regularly updating the care plans by re-assessing the patient on a regular basis.